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 Casharka 9-aad: Processor-ka

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Kuliyada Shabakada Maadow
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Casharka 9-aad: Processor-ka Empty
PostSubject: Casharka 9-aad: Processor-ka   Casharka 9-aad: Processor-ka EmptyThu Feb 10, 2011 3:21 am

Waa Maxay Processor?

Processor-ku waa maskaxda ama matoorka kala
socodsiiya hawlaha kumbiyuutarka. Magacyada kale ee processorka
loo yaqaano waxaa ka mid ah Microprocessor iyo CPU (Central
Processing Unit). Processor-ku wuxuu ka mid yahay qaybaha ugu
muhiimsan kumbiyuutarka waana halka laga cabbiro xawaaraha
kumbiyuuutarka, wuxuuna inta badan tilmaan u noqdaa kumbiyuutarka
oo dhan. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad maqasho qof leh
"Kumbiyuutarkaygu waa Pentuim II 450" iwm. Taas
micneheedu waa in nooca processor-ka kumbiyuutarkaasi uu yahay
Pentium II, xawaarihiisuna uu yahay 450 Mhz. Noocayada
processor-ka dib ayaan uga hadli doonnaa hadduu rabbi idmo.


[You must be registered and logged in to see this image.]
Processor uu noociisu yahay Pentium MMX oo
marna hoos laga sawiray (sawirka bidixe) marna dusha laga sawiray
(sawirka midige).



Xawaaraha processor-ka waxaa lagu cabbiraa inta
wareeg ee uu sameeyo halkii ilbiriqsi (seken) waxaana lagu
sheegaa waxa loo yaqaan megahertz (Mhz) oo u taagan
ilbiriqsigiiba hal milyan oo wareeg. Haddii lagu yiraahdo
processor ayuu xawaarihiisu yahay 450 Mhz, waxaa looga jeegdaa in
processor-kaasi uu halkii ilbiriqsi sameeyo 450 milyan oo wareeg.
Hal wareeg waa cabbirka ugu yar ee wakhtiga processor-ka. Hawl
kasta oo uu processor-ku qabtaa waxay ku qaadan kartaa ugu yaraan
hal wareeg, laakiin caadi ahaan waxay hawl kastaa qaadataa
wareegyo fara badan.


Si uu processor-ku u fuliyo hawl gaar ah wuxuu
raacaa oo uu mid mid u fuliyaa waxa loo yaqaan Instructions oo ah
tilmaamo ku saabsan tillaabooyinka ay hawshaasi ka kooban tahay.
Inta wareeg ee ay processor-ka ku qaadato inuu fuliyo hal
instruction ayaa lagu cabbiraa xawaaraha dhabta ah ee
processor-ka. Taasina waxay ku xiran tahay nooca processor-ka.
Tusaale ahaan processor-radii ugu horreeyay (8086 iyo 8088) wuxuu
halkii instruction ku qaadan jiray celcelis ahaan 12 (laba iyo
toban) wareeg. Halka maanta processor-rada carsiga ah (Pentium II
iyo wixii ka dambeeyay) ay hal wareeg ku fulin karaan saddex
instructions iyo wax ka badan. Taasi waxay keenaysaa in laba
processor oo uu xawaarahoodu yahay 200 Mhz laakiin uu noocoodu
kala duwan yahay ay aad u kala dheereeyaan iyadoo ay ku xiran
tahay inta instruction ee uu processor walbaa fulin karo halkii
wareeg. Processor walbaa processor-kii uu ka dambeeyay wuu ka
dheereeyaa maadaama ay had iyo jeer sii yaraanaysay tirada
wareegyada ay processor-ka ku qaadanayso fulinta halkii
instruction.


Waxaa jira dhawr arrimood oo saamayn ku leh
xawaaraha processor-ka. Arrimahaas kuwa ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka
mid ah:



  1. Xawaaraha Motherboard-ka
    Xawaaraha [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.] saamayn weyn ayuu ku leeyahay xawaaraha
    processor-ka . Sidaan ku soo aragnay
    [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.] (qeybta Bus Slots) Motherboard-yada maanta la
    isticmaalo wuxuu xawaarahoodu u dhexeeyaa 66 Mhz ilaa 100
    Mhz. Halka uu xawaaraha Processor-rada maanta la
    isticmaalaa u dhexeeyo 100 Mhz ilaa 800 Mhz iyo ka badan.
    Taasi waxay keenaysaa in si kasta oo uu Processor-ku u
    dheereeyo uu mar kasta ku khasban yahay inuu sugo
    Motherboard-ka. Waayo marka uu Processor-ku dhammeeyo
    hawsha loo diray wuxuu si uu natiijada hawsha ugu gudbiyo
    qaybaha kale ee kumbiyuutarka isticmaalaa
    [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.] Motherboard-ka. Sidoo kale si uu akhbaarta
    hawsha loo diray u soo akhristo wuxuu isticmaalaa
    Buses-kaas. Processor-ku wuxuu markaa ku khasban yahay
    inuu akhbaarta ku diro ama ku soo akhristo xawaare la mid
    ah xawaaraha Bus-ka uu akhbaarta ku diraayo ama ka soo
    akhrinaayo.

  2. Data Bus Data Bus-ku waa waddada ay marto akhbaarta ka
    timaadda iyo tan u socota processor-ka labadaba. Waxaa
    xawaaraha processor-ka saamayn weyn ku leh ballaca Data
    Bus-ka. Waayo taasi waxay goynaysaa xaddiga akhbaarta uu
    Processor-ku Bus-kaas ku diri karo halkii marba.

    Akhbaarta kumbiyuutarku uu diro waxaa
    lagu diraa nidaamka loo yaqaan Digital. Nidaamkaasi wuxuu
    akhbaarta u qaybiyaa xaraf xaraf. Xaraf kasta waxaa inta
    badan loo sii kala qeybiyaa siddeed qaybood oo yar yar oo
    loo yaqaan bits. Halkii bit wuxuu noqon karaa 1 (hal) ama
    0 (eber). Data Bus-ka iyo dhammaan Buses-ka Kumbiyuutarka
    ee ay akhbaartu marto waxay ka kooban yihiin fiilooyin
    yar yar oo si saf ballaaran ah isu garab socda. Halkii
    fiilo waxay halkii marba qaadi kartaa hal bit oo noqon
    karta 1 (hal) ama 0 (eber). Si 1 iyo 0 loogu sheego
    koronto ahaan waxaa halkii fiilo ay markiiba qaaddaa
    koronto uu xooggeedu yahay 5v (shan Volt) ama 0v (eber).
    5v waxay u taagan tahay 1(hal). Halka ay 0v u taagan
    tahay 0. Si hal xaraf loo diro waxaa loo baahan yahay
    siddeed fiilo oo lagu kala diro siddeeda bit ee uu
    xarafkaasi ka kooban yahay.

    Haddii ballaarka Data Bus-ku uu yahay 8
    fiilo (8-bit) waxa markaa halkii marba lagu diri karaa
    hal xaraf. Haddiise uu ballaarkiisu yahay 16 fiilo
    (16-bit) waxaa halkii marba lagu diri karaa laba xaraf.
    Haduu ballaarkiisu yahay 32 fiilo (32-bit) waxaa halkii
    marba lagu diri karaa afar xaraf. Mar kasta oo uu
    ballaarka Data Bus-ku sii bataba waxaa sii badanaya
    xaddiga akhbaarta lagu diri karo taasoo yaraynaysa
    wakhtiga ay qaadanayso in akhbaartaas la diro.
    Processor-rada casriga ah sida taxanaha loo yaqaan
    Pentium waxay leeyihiin Data Bus uu ballaarkiisu yahay
    64-bit taasoo keenaysa inay halkii marba diri karaan ama
    soo akhrisan karaan 64-bit ama 8 xaraf. Haddii uu
    xawaaraha Motherboard-ku yahay 66 Mhz waxay
    Processor-radaasi halkii ilbiriqsi Memory-da u diri
    karaan ama ay ka soo akhrisan karaan 8 x 66 miljan oo
    xaraf (528 milyan). Haddiise uu xawaaraha Motherboard-ku
    yahay 100 Mhz waxay halkii ilbiriqsi Memory-da u diri
    karaan ama ay ka soo akhrisan karaan 8 x 100 milyan oo
    xaraf (800 oo milyan).

  3. Address Bus
    Address Bus-ku waa halka ay marto
    akhbaarta Processor-ka u sheegaysa address-ka Memory-da
    ee akhbaarta laga soo akhrinayo ama loo dirayo. Address
    Bus-ku wuxuu sida Data Bus-ka ka kooban yahay fiilooyin
    si saf ballaan ah isu garab socda. Mar kasta oo uu
    ballaarkiisu sii batana waxa badata akhbaarta lagu diri
    karo. Inta address ee uu Bus-kaasi halkii mar qaadi karaa
    waxay ku xiran tahay inta uu Ballaarkiisu dhan yahay.
    Address Bus-ku wuu ka madax bannaan yahay Data Bus-ka
    sidaa darteed ballaarkiisu wuu ka duwan yahay kan Data
    Bus-ka. Maadaama uusan Address Bus-ku qaadayn akhbaarta
    lafteeda ee uu qaadayo tilmaan ku saabsan halka akhbaarta
    laga heli karo ama la geynayo wuu ka ballaar yar yahay
    Data Bus-ka. Laakiin inta badan markuu ballaarka Data
    Bus-ku sii weynaadaba waxaa isna sii weynaada ballaarka
    Address Bus-ka.

  4. Internal Cache (L1)
    Hawlaha Processor-ka iyo guud ahaanba
    kumbiyuutarku uu qabto waxay u badan yihiin kuwo isku mid
    ah oo soo noqnoqda. Tusaale ahaan mar kasta oo aad rabto
    inaad wax qorato waxaad horta soo furtaa program-ka loogu
    tala galay qoraalka sida Word iwm. Soo furidda
    program-kaasi waa hawl soo noqnoqota oo mar kasta si isku
    mid ah loo sameeyo. Si uu Processor-ku Program-kaas u soo
    furo wuxuu akhbaar ku saabsan sida program-kaas loo soo
    furaayo iyo halka uu yaallo labadaba ka soo akhriyaa
    Memory-da oo xawaare ahaan aad uga gaabisa Processor-ka.
    Taasi waxay keentaa inuu processor-ku xawaarihiisa ka
    dhigo mid la mid ah Memory-da si uu u soo akhriyo
    akhbaartaas. Halkaana waxaa ku luma wakhti uu
    Processor-ku hawlo kale ku qaban lahaa. Si loo yareeyo
    wakhtiga arrintaas ku baxa ayaa waxa la soo saaray
    farsamo loo yaqaan Caching. Farsamadaasi waxay u
    shaqaysaa sidaan:

    Haddaan sii daba soconno tusaalihii wax
    qorashada, marka ugu horraysa ee aad program-ka qoraalka
    (sida Word) soo furto wuxuu Processor-ku kaydinayaa
    akhbaarta ku saabsan sida program-kaas loo soo furo iyo
    halka uu yaallo. Akhbaartaas wuxuu Processor-ku intii
    muddo ah ku kaydiyaa Memory gaar ah oo processor-ka ku
    dhex dhisan oo la yiraahdo Internal Cache loona soo
    gaabiyo L1. Marka dambe ee aad u baahato inaad soo furto
    program-ka Word wuxuu processor-ku akhbaarta program-kaas
    ka soo akhrinayaa Internal Cache-ka oo uu xawaaraheedu la
    mid yahay kan processor-ka. Halkaana waxaa ku baaqanaya
    wakhtigii ku bixi lahaa soo akhrinta akhbaartaas. Sidaa
    iyo si la mid ah ayaa loo kaydiyaa akhbaarta hawlaha soo
    noqnoqda, si marka dambe ee hawshaas loo baahdo
    akhbaarteeda looga soo akhriyo Internal Cache-ka. Haddaba
    mar kasta oo baaxadda Internal Cache-ka Processor-ku ay
    sii badataba waxaa badanaya akhbaarta halkaas lagu kaydin
    karo. Taasina waxay keenaysaa in hawlo badan oo soo
    noqnoqda uu Processor-ku u qabto si aad u dhakhso badan.



Samayska Processor-ka


Processor-ka waxaa intiisa badan laga sameeyaa
maaddada loo yaqaan Silicon oo lagu tilmaamo inay tahay maaddada
ugu badan ee dhulka laga helo. Silicon waxa laga helaa ciidda
xeebaha badda waana maaddada ugu badan maaddooyinka ay ciiddaasi
ka kooban tahay. Ciiddaas ayaa la nadiifiyaa oo la dhalaaliyaa ka
dibna waxaa lagu shubaa weelal dhuudhuuban oo ka samaysan dhalo
leh qaabka dhululubada. Halkaas ayaana loo daayaa ilaa ay ka
dhagaxowdo. Intaa kadib waa la jar jaraa iyadoo la adeegsanaayo
miinshaar dheemman ah, waxaana laga dhigaa qeybo aad u yar yar oo
ay dhumucdoodu ka yar tahay hal millimeter. Ka dibna waa la
buraashaa oo sidii muraayaddii loo dhalaaliyaa. Qeybahaas yaryar
ayaa Processor-ka laga sameeyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaam loo
yaqaan Photolithography.


Bal ka warran haddii wixii bacaad Jasiira iyo
Shalanbood yaallay Processor-ro laga wada sameeyo soo soomaaliya
dhakalka cayrta ma jabiseen?? :-)


Casharkaanna halkaas ayaan ku joojinaynaa.
Casharka xiga waxaan ku soo qaadan doonnaa Noocyada Processor-ka
iyo shirkadaha sameeya.





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